Tips for raising an orphan calf

By Rosslyn Biggs, Oklahoma State University Extension beef veterinarian

Orphan calves are unexpected for any farmer. Raising an orphaned beef calf can be time-consuming and could require additional expenses. In addition, regardless of age, a bottle calf can present a challenge with managing its health and nutrition. Below are some tips on creating a plan that helps you keep your orphan calf thriving.

• READ MORE: 4 calf health issues on pasture

Nutrition

Age has a significant influence on the nutritional considerations for an orphaned calf. High-quality colostrum should be fed to calves that lose their dams at less than 24 hours of age. Producers should not wait to administer colostrum if there is any evidence the calf has not nursed.

Beyond the first day of life, calves need 10% to 12% of their body weight in milk per day. A good rule of thumb is that one gallon of milk equals 8 pounds. Feeding multiple times per day from a bottle or bucket is an option. However, nursing from a bottle closely mimics the nursing of the udder.

The quality of a milk replacer is also critical and the calf should be consistently fed with the same product. Milk replacers should, at a minimum, be at least 15% fat and 22% protein. Milk should be at 101° F. to 105° F. when fed.

In the first week after birth, farmers should offer a calf starter ration of pellets or other creep feed along with high-quality hay. Once the calf consumes 0.5 to 2 pounds of dry feed daily, slow bottle weaning can be initiated. Unlike dairy calves, the best results with a beef calf are those fed milk for several months. At eight weeks of age, the calf's weight should have doubled since birth. Fresh water should always be available. Water buckets, bottles, and feed pans should be regularly cleaned and sanitized.

• READ MORE: Getting a cow to accept her calf

Temperature

Calves, especially newborns, don't have the strength to maintain their core temperatures. In addition, environmental conditions such as wind and temperatures below 50° F. may lead to cold stress. Especially during the winter, calves may need to be taken indoors for rewarming and fluids if their temperature drops below 99° F.

Bedding can also help the calf maintain its temperature. Deep bedding with straw should be available and regularly refreshed. Housing should be well-ventilated areas that are clean and dry.

• READ MORE: Feeding an orphaned calf

Health

Fever, decreased appetite, coughing, and diarrhea are clinical signs of illness, which is always a concern. Producers should work with their veterinarians in advance to develop treatment plans and have medications on hand for commonly seen conditions.